NASA
Exoplanet
Archive
A
service of
NASA
Exoplanet
Science
Institute

Kepler-93 Overview

Kepler-93 0.92 R⦿ 5669.00 K
Kepler-93 b
0.132 RJup
Kepler-93 c
Architecture
Kepler-93
Kepler-93
Kepler-93 b
Kepler-93 c
Other Data
Bibliography 25
Exoplanet Archive Notes 2
Nearby Data 7
Discovery Data
Host Planet Method Year Reference Disposition
Kepler-93 Kepler-93 b Transit 2014 Marcy et al. 2014 Confirmed Planet
Kepler-93 Kepler-93 c Radial Velocity 2014 Marcy et al. 2014 Confirmed Planet
Kepler-93 b
  • Orbital period, transit mid-point, transit duration, Rp/Rs and their errors taken from DR24 KOI table. Planet radius error propagated from stellar radius error in ref. and Rp/Rs error. (Morton et al. 2016)
  • Planet mass value/uncertainties provided via private communication. See literature discrepancies. (Stassun et al. 2017)
RA
19h25m40.35s
Dec
+38d40m20.32s
Distance
95.9115+0.2217-0.2206
pc
Parallax
10.3974000±0.0238629 mas
Ecliptic Latitude
59.58863 deg
Ecliptic Longitude
304.27443 deg
Galactic Latitude
10.45836 deg
Galactic Longitude
71.20378 deg
Total Proper Motion
29.2649286±0.0414244 mas/yr
Proper Motion (RA)
-28.7264000±0.0412874 mas/yr
Proper Motion (Dec)
-5.5883800±0.0448942 mas/yr
Photometry
mV
9.996±0.004
mTESS
9.4087±0.0060
mJ
8.771±0.019
mH
8.446±0.017
mKs
8.370±0.019
mKep
9.931
mW1
8.338±0.023
mW2
8.370±0.021
mW3
8.334±0.021
mW4
8.027±0.173
mGaia
9.862490±0.000395
mB
10.731±0.062
mg
---
mi
---
mr
---
mz
---
Abundances
(Hypatia Catalog)
[Fe/H] -0.16±0.04 dex
[C/H] -0.16±0.14 dex
[O/H] -0.17±0.04 dex
[Na/H] -0.30±0.02 dex
[Mg/H] -0.11±0.02 dex
[Al/H] -0.22±0.06 dex
[Si/H] -0.18±0.03 dex
[Ca/H] -0.15±0.03 dex
[Y/H] -0.16±0.04 dex
Mission
Tools
ExoFOP Target Overview Page
IRSA Finding Chart
TOI
Kepler Names
KOI
Kepler Stellar Data
Kepler Positional Probabilities
Q1-Q17 DR25 False Positive Probabilities
Kepler Certified False Positive
Q1-Q16 DR25 TCE
Stellar Hosts
Kepler Time Series
Kepler TCE Time Series
Source Weiss et al. 2024 Bonomo et al. 2023 TICv8 Berger et al. 2018 Gaia DR2 Stassun et al. 2017 Ballard et al. 2014 Marcy et al. 2014 Batalha et al. 2013 Latham et al. 2005 Q1-Q17 DR25 Supplemental KOI Table Q1-Q17 DR25 KOI Table ExoFOP-TESS TOI Q1-Q17 DR24 KOI Table Q1-Q16 KOI Table Q1-Q12 KOI Table Q1-Q8 KOI Table Q1-Q6 KOI Table Show Candidate Solutions >> << Hide Candidate Solutions
M✶
(M⦿)
0.874±0.022 0.911±0.033
1.000000+0.141285-0.123637
 --- --- 1.09±0.14 0.911±0.033 0.91±0.06 --- --- ---
0.866 +0.058-0.053
--- 0.909±0.057 0.909±0.057 0.9090±0.0570 0.8870±0.0310 ---
Teff
(K)
--- 5669±75
5655.000+157.361-125.167
 5594±112
5631.825+152.508-129.802
 5669±75 5669±75 5669±75 5593 5480 --- 5648±76 5655.000±141.264 5669±75 5669±75 5669.00±75.00 5593.00±60.00 5593
Metallicity
(dex)
--- -0.18±0.10 [Fe/H] -0.15±0.10 [M/H] --- --- -0.18 [Fe/H] -0.18±0.10 [Fe/H] -0.18±0.10 [Fe/H] --- -0.051 [Fe/H] --- -0.2±0.15 [Fe/H] --- -0.180±0.101 [Fe/H] -0.180±0.101 [Fe/H] -0.180±0.101 [Fe/H] --- ---
Age
(Gyr)
--- 6.6±0.9 --- --- --- --- 6.6±0.9 5.05 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- 6.1±3.7 ---
R✶
(R⦿)
--- 0.919±0.011
0.9224870+0.0521593-0.0505291
0.943+0.040-0.037
0.9334566+0.0445631-0.0485737
 0.980±0.040 0.919±0.011 0.92±0.02 0.87 1.029 ---
0.894 +0.04-0.036
0.92±0.05 0.921±0.02 0.921±0.02 0.9210±0.0200 0.8710±0.0640 .87
log g
(log10(cm/s2))
--- ---
4.5081500+0.0729380-0.0980794
 --- --- 4.47±0.03 4.470±0.004 4.468±0.03 4.51 4.43 --- 4.472±0.03 4.5081500±0.0855087 4.466±0.01 4.466±0.01 4.466±0.010 4.510±0.100 4.51
v sin i
(km/s)
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- 0.5 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
ρ✶
(g/cm3)
--- ---
1.7959072+0.4162949-0.4322358
 --- --- 1.65±0.01 1.652±0.006 1.64±0.01 --- --- ---
0.74833 +0.72065-0.15117
---
0.68631 +0.71972-0.15221
0.68631 +0.71972-0.15221
0.68631 +0.71972-0.15221
--- ---
L✶
(log10(L⦿))
--- ---
-0.1056546+0.0097266-0.0126993
 ---
-0.10252034+0.00173753-0.00174451
 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
γ
(km/s)
--- --- --- --- 27.62941187001394±0.45105019542924 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Print
Status
Confirmed Planet
Detected By
Radial Velocity, Transit
Tools
Transit Prediction Service
TOI
Kepler Names
KOI
Transit
Atmospheric Spectroscopy
Source Bonomo et al. 2023 Weiss et al. 2024 GajdoĊĦ et al. 2019 Berger et al. 2018 Stassun et al. 2017 Holczer et al. 2016 Morton et al. 2016 Dressing et al. 2015 Ballard et al. 2014 Marcy et al. 2014 Q1-Q17 DR25 Supplemental KOI Table Q1-Q17 DR25 KOI Table ExoFOP-TESS TOI Q1-Q17 DR24 KOI Table Q1-Q16 KOI Table Q1-Q12 KOI Table Q1-Q8 KOI Table Show Candidate Solutions >> << Hide Candidate Solutions
a/R✶
--- --- --- --- 12.50±0.01 --- --- 12.496±0.015 12.496±0.015 --- --- 9.6±4.6 --- 9.32±3.3 9.32±3.3 9.32±3.3 9.82±0.81
Teq
(K)
1133±17 --- --- --- --- --- --- 1037±13 1037±13 --- --- 1028 1190 1039 1039 1039 1000
b
--- --- --- --- --- --- --- 0.1765±0.0095 0.1765±0.0095 0.20±0.02 ---
0.657 +0.042-0.449
---
0.682 +0.0167-0.4722
0.682 +0.0167-0.4722
0.682 +0.0167-0.4722
0.632±0.1
S
(S⨁)
275±18 --- ---
283.739+5.148-5.054
 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
264.08 +40.00-33.67
333.088
275.99 +27.67-25.56
275.99 +27.67-25.56
275.99 +27.67-25.56
---
e
0 0 --- --- 0.0 --- --- 0 --- --- --- 0 --- 0 0 0 0
i
(deg)
89.183±0.044 --- --- --- 89.18±0.04 --- --- 89.183±0.044 89.183±0.044 --- --- 86.08 --- 85.94 85.94 85.94 86.52
P
(days)
4.72673978±0.00000097 4.726739475 4.7267389505±0.0000007060 --- 4.726740±0.000001 4.72674002±0.00000032 4.726739475±1.487e-06 4.72673978±0.00000097 4.72673978±0.00000097 4.72674 4.72674037±1.57e-06 4.72674037±1.57e-06 4.7267257±0.0000312 4.726739475±1.487e-06 4.726739475±1.487e-06 4.726739475±1.487e-06 4.7267482±5.2e-06
Rp
(R⨁)
1.478±0.019 1.629±0.064 ---
1.642+0.069-0.108
 1.6±0.1 ---
1.63+0.04-0.09
 1.478±0.019 1.478±0.019 1.50±0.03 --- 1.56±0.07 1.459520±0.108313
1.59 +0.04-0.03
1.59 +0.04-0.03
1.59 +0.04-0.03
1.5±0.11
Rp/R✶
--- --- --- --- --- ---
0.015858 +0.000197-0.000809
0.014751±0.000059 0.014751±0.000059 0.014927 ---
0.015943 +4e-05-0.000836
---
0.015858 +0.000197-0.000809
0.015858 +0.000197-0.000809
0.015858 +0.000197-0.000809
0.01575±0.00011
a
(au)
0.05343±0.00065 0.05270090887 --- --- --- --- --- 0.053±0.002 --- --- --- .0525 --- .0533 .0533 .0533 .053
δ
(%)
--- --- --- --- 0.0220±0.0002 0.0270 --- --- --- --- --- 0.02731±0.00011 0.02830000±0.00203096 0.02664±0.00011 0.02664±0.00011 0.02664±0.00011 0.02700
T14
(hours)
--- --- --- --- --- 3.2348 2.9269±0.013 --- 2.8898±0.0038 --- --- 2.9267±0.0164 3.014±0.522 2.9269±0.013 2.9269±0.013 2.9269±0.013 2.934
TC
(days)
2454944.29227±0.00013 --- 2454944.29258000±0.00012363 --- --- 2454953.746116±0.000283 2454967.926514±0.000262 2454944.29227±0.00013 2454944.29227±0.00013 2454967.92580 2454967.926±0.000271 2454967.926±0.000271 2460332.7772220±0.0055837 2454967.927±0.000262 2454967.927±0.000262 2454967.927±0.000262 2454967.92507±0.00038
Mp
(M⨁)
4.66±0.53 --- --- --- 4.544257±0.847958 --- --- 4.02±0.68 3.8±1.5 2.59±2.0 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Mp
(MJup)
0.0147±0.0017 --- --- --- 0.01429776±0.00266796 --- --- 0.0126±0.0021 0.012±0.005 0.008±0.006 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Rp
(RJup)
0.1319±0.0017 0.1453±0.0057 ---
0.1465+0.0062-0.0096
 0.14±0.01 ---
0.145+0.004-0.008
 0.1319±0.0017 0.1319±0.0017 0.134±0.003 --- --- 0.1302099±0.0096631 --- --- --- ---
K
(m/s)
1.89±0.21 1.498434±0.236493 --- --- 1.6±0.3 --- --- 1.63±0.27 --- 1.05±0.8 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
ρ
(g/cm3)
7.93+0.96-0.94
 4.5895718370±0.7877316467 --- --- --- --- --- 6.88±1.18 6.3±2.6 4.17±3.29 --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Mp sin i
(M⨁)
--- 3.6006741920±0.5673546417 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Mp sin i
(MJup)
--- 0.011310485050±0.001785097335 --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- --- ---
Print
Status
Confirmed Planet
Detected By
Radial Velocity
Tools
Kepler Names
Source Marcy et al. 2014 Dressing et al. 2015
Mp
(M⨁)
>954 >2702
Mp
(MJup)
>3 >8.5
P
(days)
>1460 >3650
K
(m/s)
>60 ---
Print
Kepler Detection Products (4 File Types, 15 Files)
Kepler Pipeline Data Validation Reports q1_q12_tce q1_q16_tce q1_q17_dr24_tce q1_q17_dr25_tce
Kepler Pipeline Data Validation Summaries q1_q12_tce q1_q16_tce q1_q17_dr24_tce q1_q17_dr25_tce
Kepler TCERT Reports q1_q16_tce q1_q17_dr24_tce q1_q17_dr25_tce
Kepler Planet Detection Metrics q1_q17_dr24_stellar q1_q17_dr24_stellar q1_q17_dr25_stellar q1_q17_dr25_stellar
Literature Time Series (1 File Type, 2 Files)
File Type Data Points Filter Reference
Radial Velocity Curve     18 Optical Spectra Thomas et al. 2016
Radial Velocity Curve     18 Optical Spectra Thomas et al. 2016
Kepler Detection Products
Kepler Pipeline Data Validation Summaries q1_q12_tce q1_q16_tce q1_q17_dr24_tce q1_q17_dr25_tce
Kepler Object of Interest
KepID 3544595 3544595 3544595 3544595 3544595 3544595 3544595
KOI Name K00069.01 K00069.01 K00069.01 K00069.01 K00069.01 K00069.01 K00069.01
Kepler Name Kepler-93 b Kepler-93 b Kepler-93 b Kepler-93 b Kepler-93 b Kepler-93 b Kepler-93 b
Exoplanet Archive Disposition CONFIRMED CONFIRMED CONFIRMED CONFIRMED CONFIRMED CONFIRMED CONFIRMED
Vetting Status Done Done Done Done Done Done Done
Date of Last Parameter Update 2018-08-16 2017-08-31 2015-09-24 2014-12-18 2014-12-04 2014-01-07 2013-02-12
Disposition Using Kepler Data CANDIDATE CANDIDATE CANDIDATE NOT DISPOSITIONED NOT DISPOSITIONED CANDIDATE CANDIDATE
Not Transit-Like False Positive Flag 0 0 0 0 0 --- ---
Stellar Eclipse False Positive Flag 0 0 0 0 0 --- ---
Centroid Offset False Positive Flag 0 0 0 0 0 --- ---
Ephemeris Match Indicates Contamination False Positive Flag 0 0 0 0 0 --- ---
Disposition Provenance q1_q17_dr25_sup_koi q1_q17_dr25_koi q1_q17_dr24_koi q1_q16_koi q1_q12_koi q1_q8_koi q1_q6_kepler_candidates
Orbital Period [days] 4.72674037±1.57e-06 4.72674037±1.57e-06 4.726739475±1.487e-06 4.726739475±1.487e-06 4.726739475±1.487e-06 4.7267482±5.2e-06 4.7267482±5.2e-06
Transit Epoch [BKJD] 134.926396±0.000271 134.926396±0.000271 134.926514±0.000262 134.926514±0.000262 134.926514±0.000262 134.92507±0.00038 134.92507±0.00038
Transit Epoch [BJD] 2454967.926±0.000271 2454967.926±0.000271 2454967.927±0.000262 2454967.927±0.000262 2454967.927±0.000262 2454967.92507±0.00038 2454967.92507±0.00038
Parameters Provenance q1_q17_dr25_sup_koi q1_q17_dr25_koi q1_q17_dr24_koi q1_q16_koi q1_q12_koi q1_q8_koi q1_q6_kepler_candidates
Number of Planets 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
TCE Delivery q1_q17_dr25_tce q1_q17_dr25_tce q1_q17_dr24_tce q1_q16_tce q1_q12_tce --- ---
Link to DV Report kplr003544595-20160209194854_dvr.pdf kplr003544595-20160209194854_dvr.pdf kplr003544595-20141002224145_dvr.pdf kplr003544595-20130815195353_dvr.pdf kplr003544595-20121029204534_dvr.pdf --- ---
RA [decimal degrees] 291.4183 291.4183 291.4183 291.4183 291.4183 291.4183 291.4183
Dec [decimal degrees] 38.672359 38.672359 38.672359 38.672359 38.672359 38.672359 38.672359
Kepler-band [mag] 9.931000000000001 9.931000000000001 9.931000000000001 9.931000000000001 9.931000000000001 9.931000000000001 9.931000000000001
g'-band [mag] 10.38 10.38 10.38 10.38 10.38 10.38 10.38
r'-band [mag] 9.862 9.862 9.862 9.862 9.862 9.862 9.862
i'-band [mag] 9.739 9.739 9.739 9.739 9.739 9.739 9.739
z'-band [mag] 9.705 9.705 9.705 9.705 9.705 9.705 9.705
J-band [mag] 8.771 8.771 8.771 8.771 8.771 8.771 8.771
H-band [mag] 8.446 8.446 8.446 8.446 8.446 8.446 8.446
K-band [mag] 8.370000000000001 8.370000000000001 8.370000000000001 8.370000000000001 8.370000000000001 8.370000000000001 8.370000000000001
Disposition Score --- 1.0 --- --- --- --- ---
Comment --- CENT_SATURATED EYEBALL---SATURATED --- --- --- ---
Eccentricity --- 0 0 0 0 0 0
Impact Parameter ---
0.657 +0.042-0.449
0.682 +0.0167-0.4722
0.682 +0.0167-0.4722
0.682 +0.0167-0.4722
0.632±0.1 0.63±0.18
Transit Duration [hrs] --- 2.9267±0.0164 2.9269±0.013 2.9269±0.013 2.9269±0.013 2.934 2.934
Transit Depth [ppm] --- 273.1±1.1 266.4±1.1 266.4±1.1 266.4±1.1 270 271
Planet-Star Radius Ratio ---
0.015943 +4e-05-0.000836
0.015858 +0.000197-0.000809
0.015858 +0.000197-0.000809
0.015858 +0.000197-0.000809
0.01575±0.00011 0.01575±0.00011
Fitted Stellar Density [g/cm**3] ---
0.74833 +0.72065-0.15117
0.68631 +0.71972-0.15221
0.68631 +0.71972-0.15221
0.68631 +0.71972-0.15221
--- ---
Planetary Fit Type --- LS+MCMC MCMC MCMC MCMC --- ---
Planetary Radius [Earth radii] --- 1.56±0.07
1.59 +0.04-0.03
1.59 +0.04-0.03
1.59 +0.04-0.03
1.5±0.11 1.5
Orbit Semi-Major Axis [au] --- .0525 .0533 .0533 .0533 .053 .053
Inclination [deg] --- 86.08 85.94 85.94 85.94 86.52 ---
Equilibrium Temperature [K] --- 1028 1039 1039 1039 1000 1000
Insolation Flux [Earth flux] ---
264.08 +40.00-33.67
275.99 +27.67-25.56
275.99 +27.67-25.56
275.99 +27.67-25.56
--- ---
Planet-Star Distance over Star Radius --- 9.6±4.6 9.32±3.3 9.32±3.3 9.32±3.3 9.82±0.81 9.82±0.81
Limb Darkening Model --- Claret (2011 A&A 529 75) ATLAS LS Claret (2011 A&A 529 75) ATLAS LS Claret (2011 A&A 529 75) ATLAS LS Claret (2011 A&A 529 75) ATLAS LS Claret (2011 A&A 529 75) ATLAS LS Claret (2011 A&A 529 75) ATLAS LS
Limb Darkening Coeff. 4 --- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 -0.33590000000000003 ---
Limb Darkening Coeff. 3 --- 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.6032000000000001 ---
Limb Darkening Coeff. 2 --- 0.2711 0.2615 0.2615 0.2615 -0.012 ---
Limb Darkening Coeff. 1 --- 0.38580000000000003 0.404 0.404 0.404 0.5021 ---
Maximum Single Event Statistic --- 20.669784999999997 28.212204 --- --- --- ---
Maximum Multiple Event Statistic --- 244.8787 248.16423 --- --- --- ---
Transit Signal-to-Noise --- 287.8 285.5 285.5 285.5 312.40000000000003 243.6
Number of Transits --- 284 284 --- --- --- ---
TCE Planet Number --- 1 1 1 1 --- ---
Quarters --- 11111111111111111000000000000000 11111111111111111000000000000000 --- --- --- ---
Odd-Even Depth Comparision Statistic --- 0.2943 --- --- --- --- ---
Transit Model --- Mandel and Agol (2002 ApJ 580 171) Mandel and Agol (2002 ApJ 580 171) Mandel and Agol (2002 ApJ 580 171) Mandel and Agol (2002 ApJ 580 171) Mandel and Agol (2002 ApJ 580 171) Mandel and Agol (2002 ApJ 580 171)
Link to DV Summary --- kplr003544595-001-20160209194854_dvs.pdf kplr003544595-001-20141002224145_dvs.pdf kplr003544595-001-20130826182306_dvs.pdf kplr003544595-001-20121115231752_dvs.pdf --- ---
Stellar Effective Temperature [K] --- 5648±76 5669±75 5669±75 5669.00±75.00 5593.00±60.00 5593
Stellar Surface Gravity [log10(cm/s**2)] --- 4.472±0.03 4.466±0.01 4.466±0.01 4.466±0.010 4.510±0.100 4.51
Stellar Metallicity [dex] --- -0.2±0.15 -0.180±0.101 -0.180±0.101 -0.180±0.101 --- ---
Stellar Radius [Solar radii] ---
0.894 +0.04-0.036
0.921±0.02 0.921±0.02 0.9210±0.0200 0.8710±0.0640 .87
Stellar Mass [Solar mass] ---
0.866 +0.058-0.053
0.909±0.057 0.909±0.057 0.9090±0.0570 0.8870±0.0310 ---
Stellar Parameter Provenance --- q1_q17_dr25_stellar stellar_q1_q16 stellar_q1_q16 stellar_q1_q16 SME SME
FW Offset Significance [percent] --- 0.151 0.0 0.003 0.009000000000000001 0.006 ---
FW Source α(OOT) [hrs] --- 19.4278776±0.0000017 19.4278784±0.0000017 19.4278755±0.0000017 19.427875500±0.000002000 19.427875000±0.000002400 ---
FW Source δ(OOT) [deg] --- 38.672404±0.000031 38.672353±0.000031 38.672487±0.000029 38.67249100±0.00003400 38.67248000±0.00003500 ---
FW Source Δα(OOT) [sec] --- -0.354±0.07 -0.322±0.071 -0.444±0.073 -0.00110±0.00740 -0.00550±0.00850 ---
FW Source Δδ(OOT) [arcsec] --- 0.16±0.11 -0.03±0.11 0.46±0.11 0.01410±0.00820 0.01420±0.00850 ---
FW Δα(OOT) [sec] --- -2e-05±1.9e-05 -2.8e-05±1.9e-05 2e-06±2e-05 3e-07±2e-06 1.5e-06±1.1e-06 ---
FW Δδ(OOT) [arcsec] --- 1.6e-05±3e-05 6.6e-05±3e-05 -5.5e-05±2.8e-05 -3.8e-06±2.2e-06 -3.8e-06±1.1e-06 ---
PRF ΔαSQ(OOT) [arcsec] --- -1.02±0.65 -1.21±0.63 -1.62±0.62 -1.5800±0.7800 -0.1700±0.9000 ---
PRF ΔδSQ(OOT) [arcsec] --- 2.6±1.1 4.3±1 4.4±1.1 4.4300±0.4900 0.8000±1.8000 ---
PRF ΔθSQ(OOT) [arcsec] --- 2.8±1.2 4.5±1.2 4.7±1.3 4.7000±0.5300 0.8000±1.7000 ---
PRF ΔαSQ(KIC) [arcsec] --- -1.48±0.62 -1.6±0.63 -1.92±0.64 -1.6400±0.8200 -0.7100±0.8900 ---
PRF ΔδSQ(KIC) [arcsec] --- 3.25±1 3.75±0.98 4.8±1.2 5.0000±0.5600 1.4000±1.7000 ---
PRF ΔθSQ(KIC) [arcsec] --- 3.6±1.1 4.1±1.1 5.2±1.3 5.2600±0.5900 1.6000±1.6000 ---
Chi-Square --- --- --- --- --- 1.1400000000000001 1.17
Stellar Age [Gyr] --- --- --- --- --- 6.1±3.7 ---
Known Objects
2 Confirmed Planets
1 Kepler Objects of Interest (KOIs)
1 Threshold Crossing Events (TCEs)
2 2MASS Point Source Catalog
Data Files
2 Kepler Time Series
2 SuperWASP Time Series
2 Associated Literature Data
System
Star
Confirmed
Candidate
False Positive Planet
Controversial
False Positive
Aliases
Data Access
Transit Prediction Service
Time Series
Kepler | K2
External Link
Search
Browse
Download

NASA Exoplanet Archive is operated by the California Institute of Technology, under contract with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration under the Exoplanet Exploration Program.